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Free City of Kraków
The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków〔The Polish variant of Kraków is occasionally retroactively applied in English to the historical Free City.〕 (Cracow) with its Territory ((ポーランド語:Wolne, Niepodległe i Ściśle Neutralne Miasto Kraków z Okręgiem)), more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków ((ポーランド語:Rzeczpospolita Krakowska), (ドイツ語:Republik Krakau)), was a city republic created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which included the city of Kraków and its surrounding areas. It was controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria). It was a center of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, it was annexed by the Austrian Empire. It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, which was partitioned between the three states in 1815. It was an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state; of its population 85% were Catholics, 14% were Jews while other religions comprised less than 1%. The city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish-speaking Catholics.〔Censuses of the Austro-Hungarian Statistical Central Commission, cited in Anson Rabinbach: The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna. Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books/Rice University Press, Houston 1975, p. 46/47 (table III)〕
== History ==
The Free City was approved and guaranteed by Article VII of the Treaty between Austria, Prussia, and Russia of the 3 May 1815. The statelet received an initial constitution at the same time, revised and expanded in 1818, establishing significant autonomy for the city. The Jagiellonian University could accept students from the partitioned territory of Poland. The Free City thus became a center of Polish political activity on the territories of partitioned Poland.
During the November Uprising of 1830–31, Kraków was a base for the smuggling of arms into the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland. After the end of the uprising the autonomy of the Free City was restricted. The police were controlled by Austria and the election of the president had to be approved by all three powers. Kraków was subsequently occupied by the Austrian army from 1836 to 1841. After the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising of 1846, the Free City was annexed by Austria on November 16, 1846 as the Grand Duchy of Cracow.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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